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Modeling and Optimization of a High-Efficiency AgCdF3/BiFeO3-Based Multilayer Photovoltaic Structure Using SCAPS-1D

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Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have seen rapid development, but their performance degrades due to poor charge separation and stability issues, particularly in multi-junction solar cells. This study overcomes these limitations and objectives by introducing an innovative, pure inorganic, lead-free, and halide design approach to enhance device efficiency and stability, and reduce Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination using a stratified perovskite multiferroic solar cell (SPMSC). The Au/FTO/CeO2/BiFeO3/AgCdF3/CuO/Ni device structure exemplifies a cutting-edge approach in photovoltaic technology, meticulously designed to improve the conversion efficiency of solar energy through the strategic integration of advanced materials. Incorporating silver cadmium fluoride (AgCdF3), a perovskite-like material, introduces ferroelectric properties that generate internal electric fields, thereby promoting effective charge separation. Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3), recognized for its multiferroic characteristics, further enhances internal polarization, improving charge carrier dynamics. This stratified perovskite multiferroic solar cell device structure is designed and optimized using the SCAPS-1D simulator, which focuses primarily on investigating the influence of various parameters including active layer thickness, operating temperature, absorbing defect density, frequency response, capacitance, tunable bandgap, shallow acceptor density (Na), shallow donor density (Nd), series resistance, and metal work function on device performance. This SPMSC device structure demonstrated impressive performance, with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 41.94, Jsc of 33.87 mA/cm2, Voc of 1.36V, and FF of 90.71. This high-performance structure holds strong potential for advanced applications such as high-efficiency solar panels and wearable electronics, and is also promising for self-powered Internet of Things (IoT) devices, smart grids, and space photovoltaics, where stability and efficiency are crucial. These applications highlight its versatility for next-generation sustainable energy PV technologies.

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  • Ferroelectrics and Multiferroics
  • Solar Cells
  • Perovskites
  • Photovoltaics
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  • Supercapacitors

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Acknowledgments

Professor Marc Burgelman of the University of Ghent, Belgium, is the source of the one-dimensional Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator Program (SCAPS-1D version 3.3.11), for which the authors are grateful.

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No funding was received to assist with this work and preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 522237, India

    Venkateswarlu Ganapavarapu & Umakanta Nanda

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Correspondence to Umakanta Nanda.

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Ganapavarapu, V., Nanda, U. Modeling and Optimization of a High-Efficiency AgCdF3/BiFeO3-Based Multilayer Photovoltaic Structure Using SCAPS-1D. J. Electron. Mater. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-025-12158-1

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  • DOI  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-025-12158-1

Keywords

  • Stratified perovskite multiferroic solar cell (SPMSC)
  • multiferroic materials (BiFeO3)
  • (AgCdF3)
  • semiconductor device simulation and modeling
  • SPMSC output parameters
  • SCAPS-1D simulator

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