Article Content

Abstract

Pedagogy of Quranic memorization in India’s Quranic schools incorporates the cognitive processes of working memory and long-term memory into its systemic instructional practices and accommodates individual differences in cognitive capabilities by reducing extraneous cognitive load, distributing intrinsic cognitive load and enhancing germane cognitive load. These evidence-based best practices in teaching and learning deal with different types of cognitive load from the twin perspectives of the students and the educational institution and include retrieval cycles that continuously test all the memorized verses, data-based assessment and real-time feedback of the students’ recitals, self-paced learning of students and multi-modal learning methods. Memorization of Quran has domain-specific proficiency parameters to measure the attainment of its educational objectives which include on-demand recall of any verse from over 600 pages and a zero-error recitation.

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

  • Cognitive Science of Religion
  • Islamic Theology
  • Islam
  • Islamic Studies
  • Learning and Memory

Data Availability

The datasets generated and analyzed for the current study are not publicly available as they were generated for the doctoral thesis of the author but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ECL:
Extraneous cognitive load
ICL:
Intrinsic cognitive load
GCL:
Germane cognitive load
PM:
Primary memorization
SRC:
Short retrieval cycle
IRC:
Intermediate retrieval cycle
LRC:
Long retrieval cycle
LT-WM:
Long-term working memory

References

  • Agarwal, P. K., Bain, P. M., & Chamberlain, R. W. (2012). The value of applied research: Retrieval practice improves classroom learning and recommendations from a teacher, a principal, and a scientist. Educational Psychology Review, 24, 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-012-9210-2

    Article Google Scholar

  • Ahrabi-Fard, I., Curran, C., & Stone, J. (2015). Emerging Qualities of Effective Teaching: Traditional, Responsive and Transformative. A Review of Literature by The University of Northern Iowa’s TQP Research Team. http://www.uni.edu/coe/sites/default/files/downloads/emerging_qualities_of_effective_teaching_2015.pdf

  • Baddeley, A. D. (2012). Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 2012(63), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422.psych.annualreviews.org

    Article Google Scholar

  • Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. J., & Allen, R. J. (2009). Working memory and binding in sentence recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 61, 438–456.

    Google Scholar

  • Bannert, M. (2002). Managing cognitive load—recent trends in cognitive load theory. Learning and Instruction 12 (2002) 139–146. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.462.9511&rep=rep1&type=pdf

  • Bjork, E.L. & Bjork, R.A. (2011). “Making things hard on yourself, but in a good way: creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning,” in Psychology and the Real World: Essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society, eds. M.A. Gernsbacher, R.W. Pew, L.M. Hough, and J.R. Pomerantz (New York, NY: Worth Publishers),56–64. https://bjorklab.psych.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/EBjork_RBjork_2011.pdf

  • Borst, G., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2008). Visual mental imagery and visual perception: Structural equivalence revealed by scanning processes. Memory Cognition, 36(4), 849–862. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.36.4.849

    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  • Carpenter, S.K. & Pashler, H. (2007). Testing beyond words: Using tests to enhance visuospatial map learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2007, 14 (3), 474–478 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2FBF03194092.pdf

  • Chen, R. (2016). Learner perspectives of online problem-based learning and applications from cognitive load theory. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 15(2), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475725716645961

    Article Google Scholar

  • Cohen, D. & Crabtree, B. (2006). Qualitative Research Guidelines project. http://www.qualres.org/Homequal-3512.html

  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar

  • Cowan, N. (2000). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87–114.

    Google Scholar

  • Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19(4), 450–466.

    Google Scholar

  • de Jong, T. (2010). Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: Some food for thought. Instructional Science, 38, 105–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-009-9110-0

    Article Google Scholar

  • Debue, N., & van de Leemput, C. (2014). What does germane load mean? An empirical contribution to the cognitive load theory. www.frontiersin.org. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01099

  • Denis, M., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1999). Scanning visual mental images: A window on the mind. Cahiers De Psychologie Cognitive/current Psychology of Cognition, 18(4), 409–465.

    Google Scholar

  • Dwyer, C., & Wiliam, D. (2013). Using Classroom Data to Give Systematic Feedback to Students to Improve Learning. https://www.apa.org/education/k12/classroom-data.aspx

  • Endres, T., & Renkl, A. (2015). Mechanisms behind the testing effect: An empirical investigation of retrieval practice in meaningful learning. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01054

    Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  • Ericsson, K. A., & Chase, W. A. (1982). Exceptional Memory. American Scientist, 70, 607–615.

    PubMed Google Scholar

  • Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G., & Faloon, S. (1980). Acquisition of a memory skill. Science, 208, 1181–1182.

    Google Scholar

  • Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102(2), 211–245.

    PubMed Google Scholar

  • Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Romer, C. (1993). The Role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert Performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363–406.

    Google Scholar

  • Ericsson, K. A., & Lehmann, A. C. (1996). Expert and exceptional performance: Evidence on maximal adaptations on task constraints. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 273–305.

    PubMed Google Scholar

  • Flick, U. (2006). An Introduction to Qualitative Research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar

  • Fuchs, L.S., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M.K. & Jenkins, D.R. (2001). Oral Reading Fluency as an indicator of Reading Competence: A Theoretical, Empirical, and Historical Analysis. Scientific Studies of Reading, Vol.5, No.3, 2001. Special issue- The Role of fluency in Reading Competence, Assessment & Instruction: Fluency at the intersection of Accuracy and Speed

  • Ginns, P. (2005). Meta-analysis of the modality effect. Learning and Instruction, 15, 313–331.

    Google Scholar

  • Goswami, U. (2015). Children’s Cognitive Development and Learning. York: Cambridge Primary Review Trust. www.cprtrust.org.uk

  • Grunwald, T., & Corsbie-Massay, C. (2006). Guidelines for cognitively efficient multimedia learning tools: Educational strategies, cognitive load, and interface design. Academic Medicine, 81(3), 213–223.

    PubMed Google Scholar

  • Guida, A., & Lavielle-Guida, M. (2014). 2011 space odyssey: Spatialization as a mechanism to code order allows a close encounter between memory expertise and classic immediate memory studies. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00573

    Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  • Halamish, V., & Bjork, R. A. (2011). When does testing enhance retention? A distribution-based interpretation of retrieval as a memory modifier. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition., 37(4), 801. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023219

    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  • Hattie, J. A. C., & Yates, G. C. R. (2014). Using Feedback to Promote Learning. In V. A. Benassi, C. E. Overson, & C. M. Hakala (Eds.), Applying science of learning in education: Infusing psychological science into the curriculum (pp. 45 -58). http://teachpsych.org/ebooks/asle2014/index.php

  • Hempenstall (2016). Read About It: Scientific Evidence for Effective Teaching of Reading. https://www.cis.org.au/publications/research-reports/read-about-it-scientific-evidence-for-effective-teaching-of-reading

  • Hempenstall, K. (2017). Evidence-based practice: What is it? https://www.dropbox.com/sh/olxpifutwcgvg8j/AABU8YNr4ZxiXPXzvHrrirR8a?dl=0

  • Hempenstall, K. (2018). Learning Styles: Is it learner modality? Or Content modality that’s important. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/olxpifutwcgvg8j/AABU8YNr4ZxiXPXzvHrrirR8a?dl=0

  • Hempenstall, K. (2021). Pre-edited version of: Hempenstall, K. (2004). The importance of effective instruction. In N.E. Marchand-Martella, T.A. Slocum, and R.C. Martella (Eds.), Introduction to Direct Instruction (pp.1–27). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon

  • Jurowski, K., Jurowska, A., & Krzeczkowska, M. (2015). Comprehensive review of mnemonic devices and their applications: State of the art. Review article. International E-Journal of Science, Medicine and Education. Nov.2015. IeJSME 2015 Vol 9 (3). http://web.imu.edu.my/ejournal/approved/IeJSME%202015%209(3).pdf#page=7

  • Kang, S. H. K. (2010). Enhancing visuo-spatial learning: The benefit of retrieval practice. Memory & Cognition, 38, 1009–1017. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.8.1009

    Article Google Scholar

  • Kang, S. H. K., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L. (2007). Test format and corrective feedback modulate the effect of testing on long-term retention. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19, 528–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440601056620

    Article Google Scholar

  • Kang, S. H. K., & Pashler, H. (2014). Is the benefit of retrieval practice modulated by motivation? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3, 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.05.006

    Article Google Scholar

  • Kanokpermpoon, M. (2013). Managing working memory in language instructions: An overview of cognitive load theory. Thammasat Review., 16(2), 93–108.

    Google Scholar

  • Karpicke, J. D., & Aue, W. R. (2015). The testing effect is alive and well with complex materials. Educational Psychology Review, 2015(27), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9309-3

    Article Google Scholar

  • Kirschner, P., Sweller, J., & Clark, R. (2006). Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential and inquiry-based teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1

    Article Google Scholar

  • Koedinger, K. R., Corbett, A. C., & Perfetti, C. (2012). The knowledge-learning-instruction (KLI) framework: Bridging the science-practice chasm to enhance robust student learning. Cognitive Science, 36(5), 757–798. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01245.x

    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  • Kornell, N., & Metcalfe, J. (2014). The Effects of Memory Retrieval, Errors and Feedback on Learning. In V. A. Benassi, C. E. Overson, & C. M. Hakala (Eds.), Applying science of learning in education: Infusing psychological science into the curriculum (pp.225–251). http://teachpsych.org/ebooks/asle2014/index.php

  • Kostons, D., Van Gog, T., & Paas, F. (2012). Training self-assessment and task selection skills: A cognitive approach to improving self –regulated learning. Learning and Instruction, 22(2), 121–132.

    Google Scholar

  • Kyllonen, P.C. (2015). Human Cognitive Abilities, In Corno, L & Anderman, E, M. (ed.s) (2016): Handbook of Educational Psychology, 3rd ed. Routledge, NY. https://books.google.co.in/books

  • Lane, H. (2014). Evidence-based reading instruction for grades K-5 (Document No. IC-12). Retrieved from University of Florida, Collaboration for Effective Educator, Development, Accountability, and Reform Center website: http://ceedar.education.ufl.edu/tools/innovation-configurations/

  • Lee, H. S., & Anderson, J. R. (2013). Student learning: What has instruction got to do with it? Annual Review of Psychology, 64(2013), 445–469.

    PubMed Google Scholar

  • Mayer, R. E. (2014). Incorporating motivation into multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction, 29, 171–173.

    Google Scholar

  • Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 43–52.

    Google Scholar

  • McBride, C. (2016). Children’s Literacy Development – A cross-cultural Perspective on Learning to Read and write. 2nd ed. Routledge, London & New York. www.books.google.co.in

  • Mousavi, S., Low, R., & Sweller, J. (1995). Reducing cognitive load by mixing auditory and visual presentation modes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, 319–334.

    Google Scholar

  • Nawal, A. F. (2018). Cognitive load theory in the context of second language academic writing. Higher Education Pedagogies, 3(1), 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2018.1513812

    Article Google Scholar

  • Paas, F., Renkl, A., & Sweller, J. (2003). Cognitive load theory and instructional design: Recent developments. Educational Psychologist, 38, 1–4.

    Google Scholar

  • Paas, F., Renkl, A., & Sweller, J. (2004). Cognitive load theory: Instructional implications of the interaction between information structures and cognitive architecture. Instructional Science, 32, 1–8.

    Google Scholar

  • Paas, F., Tuovinen, J. E., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Darabi, A. A. (2005). A motivational perspective on the relation between mental effort and performance: Optimizing learner involvement in instruction. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(3), 25–34.

    Google Scholar

  • Paas, F., van Gog, T., & Sweller, J. (2010). Cognitive Load Theory: New Conceptualizations, Specifications, and Integrated Research Perspectives. Educational Psychology Review, 2010(22), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9133-8

    Article Google Scholar

  • Parveen, N. (2022). Practical Demonstration : A Method for Generating Behavioural Evidence to Study Memorisation of the Holy Qurʾān. al-Burhān Journal of Qurʾān and Sunnah Studies, 6:2(2022) 1–19. https://journals.iium.edu.my/al-burhan/index.php/al-burhan/article/view/251

  • Parveen, N. (2021). Investigating the memorization of the Quran using the grounded theory methodology. The Qualitative Report, 26(7), 2226–2244. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4752

    Article Google Scholar

  • Pastore, R. (2016). Learner Preferences in Multimedia Design. Journal of Multimedia Processing and Technologies Volume 7 Number 4 December 2016. http://www.dline.info/jmpt/fulltext/v7n4/jmptv7n4_3.pdf

  • Perfetti, C. (2010). Decoding, Vocabulary and Comprehension. in McKeown, M.G & Kucan, L. (eds): Bringing Reading Research to Life. Guildford Press. NYhttp://www.lrdc.pitt.edu/perfettilab/pubpdfs/Decoding%20Beck%20festschrift%20chapt.pdf

  • Petscher, Y. et al., (2020). How the Science of Reading Informs 21st Century Education. Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University. http://scholar.google.co.in/scholar_url?url=https://psyarxiv.com/yvp54/download%3Fformat%3Dpdf&hl=en&sa=X&d=13939896778173256368&scisig=AAGBfm2y9Imztvbpm99DLJirQRmUbPnV2Q&nossl=1&oi=scholaralrt

  • Pyc, M. A., Agarwal, P. K., & Roediger, H. L. (2014). Test-enhanced learning. In V. A. Benassi, C. E. Overson, & C. M. Hakala (Eds.), Applying science of learning in education: Infusing psychological science into the curriculum (pp. 78–90). http://teachpsych.org/ebooks/asle2014/index.php

  • Rikers, R. M. J. P., van Gerven, P. W. M., & Schmidt, H. G. (2004). Cognitive load theory as a tool for expertise development. Instructional Science, 32, 173–182.

    Google Scholar

  • Roediger, H. L., Agarwal, P. K., McDaniel, M. A., & McDermott, K. B. (2011). Test-enhanced learning in the classroom: Long-term improvements from quizzing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(4), 382–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026252

    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  • Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 181–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x

    Article PubMed Google Scholar

  • Schnotz, W., & Kürschner, C. (2007). A reconsideration of cognitive load theory. Educational Psychology Review, 19, 469–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-007-9053-4

    Article Google Scholar

  • Shute, V. (2008). Focus on formative feedback. Review of Educational Research, 78, 153–189.

    Google Scholar

  • Smith, C. D., & Scarf, D. (2017). Spacing repetitions over long timescales: A review and a reconsolidation explanation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 962. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00962

    Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

  • Spradley, J. P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar

  • Sternberg, R.J. (2006). Cognitive Psychology, 4th edition. Thomson-Wadsworth

  • Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1994). “Grounded Theory Methodology.” In NK Denzin & YS Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp. 273–285). Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.

  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar

  • Swanson, C.C. (2014). Phonics curriculum-based measurement: an initial study of reliability and validity. Doctoral dissertation retrieved from google scholar. http://dspace.alfred.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10829/5841/Swanson,%20Chad%202014.pdf?sequence=1

  • Sweller, J. (2016). Story of a Research Program. In S. Tobias, J. D. Fletcher, & D. C. Berliner (Series eds.), Acquired Wisdom Series. Education Review, 23. https://doi.org/10.14507/er.v23.2025

  • Sweller, J., van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10(3), 251–296.

    Google Scholar

  • Terhart, E. (2011). Has John Hattie really found the holy grail of research on teaching? An extended review of Visible Learning. Journal of Curriculum Studies., 43(3), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2011.576774

    Article Google Scholar

  • van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Ayres, P. (2005). Research on cognitive load theory and its design implications for e-learning. Educational Technology Research & Development, 53, 5–13.

    Google Scholar

  • Wagner, R. K., et al. (1997). Changing Relations Between Phonological Processing Abilities and Word-Level Reading as Children Develop from Beginning to Skilled Readers: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study. Developmental Psychology, 33(3), 468–479.

    PubMed Google Scholar

  • Wilding, J. &Valentine, E. (1997). Superior Memory. Psychology Press Ltd. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.in

  • Yeager, D. S., Hanselman, P., Walton, G. M., et al. (2019). A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement. Nature, 573, 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y

    Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Acknowledgements

The author acknowledges the contribution of the research participants.

Funding

No funds, grants, or other support were received.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Contributions

Sole author.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nikhat Parveen.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Ethics Approval

Social sciences research is exempt from IRB approval in Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. However, the departmental research committee (DRC) reviews the research process at three important junctures.

Consent to Participate

Informed consent of the subjects was taken, and anonymity of their data was assured.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Parveen, N. Evidence-Based Practices of Cognitive Load Management to Enhance Learning. Psychol Stud (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-025-00841-6

  • Received
  • Accepted
  • Published
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-025-00841-6

Keywords

  • Germane cognitive load
  • Extraneous cognitive load
  • Intrinsic cogni
WhatsApp