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An Analysis of Dune Management on the Kenfig, Culbin and Sefton Coasts in the UK Using the SWOT Framework

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Abstract

The stabilization of coastal sand dunes in the 20th century led to an expansion of vegetation cover, which is considered detrimental in the United Kingdom due to the loss of habitat for native species that depend on mobile dunes. Coastal managers have recognized this as a growing concern. However, conservation priorities must be identified to manage the situation effectively. Therefore, this study aims to identify potential conservation priorities for dune habitats at Culbin (Scotland), Kenfig (Wales) and the Sefton coast (England) by undertaking a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis for each site. Variables for the analysis were identified in the context of the latest paradigm of dune management approach, which focuses on the reclamation of active dunes to enhance habitats for native biodiversity. Data was obtained from literature; analysis of environmental, demographic, land use and economic data; and satellite images. The main challenges that emerged include historical overstabilization, the spread of invasive species, the lack of bare sand areas to sustain native biodiversity, unsustainable land use (unplanned urbanization and agricultural activities), coastal erosion due to storm surges, and sea-level rise in this century. Accordingly, potential conservation priorities were determined by classifying variables of each site. These include increasing the area of bare sand, increasing the width of the beach using sand nourishments, removing invasive species, minimizing human activities to reduce dune fragmentation, minimizing coastal erosion due to storm surge and sea-level rise using nature-based solutions. Thus, an integrated sustainable dune management plan is required to implement these conservation priorities, particularly for Culbin dunes as the Cumulative SWOT Score shows that the weaknesses and threats to dunes outweigh strength and opportunities. The study approach demonstrates its robustness as a decision-making tool for sustainable dune management for restoring active dunes at each site. Thus, it can be extended to other dune sites in the UK and elsewhere to identify long-term dune management concerns and conservation priorities.

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Acknowledgements

This article is an output of the project DUNES, funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (grant no. 802918). The article also benefited from a research stay at the Linda Hall Library, Kansas City, USA, where J.G. Freitas was a Fellow in 2014.

Funding

The project is funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant agreement n°802918). However, all authors declare that the study is not influenced by any institution that supported financial grants and there is no personal influence by any person whatsoever.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of History, School of Arts and Humanities of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Dissanayake Mudiyamselage Ruwan Sampath, Michael Vina & Joana Gaspar de Freitas

Contributions

Contributions by each author: DMRS. The first author proposed the research topic while carrying out a literature review and data analysis. Methodoly was also developed by the first author. The first author discussed the topics of scientific and engineering aspects for achieving sustainable dune management in the three study sites in the UK. MV The second author contributed to discussing the aspects related to anthropology in dune management in three sites. He also proofread of the manuscript as a native English speaker. JGF The third author contributed by including aspects related to Environmental History while reviewing the whole article in the context of the overall aims of the DUNES project.

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Correspondence to Dissanayake Mudiyamselage Ruwan Sampath.

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Sampath, D.M.R., Vina, M. & Freitas, J.G.d. An Analysis of Dune Management on the Kenfig, Culbin and Sefton Coasts in the UK Using the SWOT Framework. Environmental Management (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-025-02210-5

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  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-025-02210-5

Keywords

  • Coastal dunes
  • Dune over-stabilization
  • SWOT framework
  • Dune restoration
  • Biodiversity

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