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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Dark Septate Endophytic Fungal Symbioses in Three Different Citrus Species from Hillside Orchards of North-Eastern India

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Abstract

Although the association of AM and DSE fungi in various fruit plants has been reported from different parts of the world, the information of their association with horticultural fruit plants of this region is limited. Therefore, the AM fungal communities in the rhizosphere soils and AM and DSE colonization levels in Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle, Citrus limetta Risso and Citrus reticulata Blanco roots were assessed. Fifteen root and soil samples were collected from five randomly chosen individuals of each Citrus species from a hillside orchard in Manipur, North-Eastern India. The study found 21 AM species in the natural-field and trap culture soils of selected fruit plants. The AM species richness and spore density were highest in C. limetta. The examined roots of all studied plants had dual colonization of AM and DSE fungi. Nevertheless, this study provides the first report of AM morphology in all examined plants and the prevalence of DSE fungi in C. aurantifolia and C. limetta, with the exception of C. reticulata. Arum–Paris-type AM morphology was observed in C. aurantifolia and C. reticulata roots, while C. limetta had Intermediate-4 type morphology. Total root colonization by AM fungi was highest in C. limetta, while DSE fungi were most prevalent in C. aurantifolia. Thus, the prevalence of AM and DSE fungal associations in three commercially important Citrus species of Indo-Burma hotspot region indicates their utilities for sustainable horticultural practices in future.

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The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

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Acknowledgements

The author (Salam Nirmalashachi Chanu) gratefully acknowledges the financial support in the form of a Senior Research Fellowship (SRF) received from the CSIR-UGC, Government of India, for carrying out this research. Furthermore, all of the authors would like to thank Prof. T. Muthukumar, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, for confirming the identity of AM spores.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the publication of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences (Botany), Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795 003, Manipur, India

    Salam Nirmalashachi Chanu, Radha Raman Pandey & Surendirakumar Kannaiah

  2. Department of Microbiology, JJ College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli), Pudukkottai, 622 422, Tamil Nadu, India

    Surendirakumar Kannaiah

Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Surendirakumar Kannaiah.

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The authors do not have any conflict of interest to declare.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Tapan K. Adhya.

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Chanu, S.N., Pandey, R.R. & Kannaiah, S. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Dark Septate Endophytic Fungal Symbioses in Three Different Citrus Species from Hillside Orchards of North-Eastern India. Agric Res (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-025-00870-7

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  • Accepted
  • Published
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-025-00870-7

Keywords

  • AM fungal diversity
  • AM morphology
  • DSE fungi
  • Root colonization
  • Citrus species

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