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Determining Drought- and Heat-Tolerant Genotypes in Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea] Employing GGE Biplot Analysis

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Abstract

Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss.] is a vital oilseed crop in India, comprising over 90% of the rapeseed–mustard acreage. It is grown under diverse agro-ecological conditions, including early, timely, and late sown, irrigated, and rainfed systems. However, climate change and challenging agro-ecologies like rainfed and late sown cultivation cause significant yield losses due to abiotic stresses. Developing climate-resilient genotypes is crucial to mitigate these issues. This study aimed to identify stable genotypes for seed yield using GGE biplot analysis of 35 mustard genotypes over three rabi seasons, rabi 2020–21 (20–21), rabi 2021–22 (21–22) and rabi 2022–23 (22–23), under three agro-ecologies, timely–irrigated (T-IR), timely–rainfed (T-RF) and late sown–irrigated (LS-IR). Analysis of variance showed significant genotypic variation in seed yield per plant, with crossover interactions indicating substantial genotype-by-environment interactions (GEI). The GGE biplot’s PC1 and PC2 explained 60.70% of the total G + GE variation. E7 (T-IR 22–23) was the most discriminative environment, while E6 (LS-IR 21–22) was the most representative. E1 (T-IR 20–21), E2 (T-RF 20–21), and E3 (LS-IR 20–21) were the best environments for T-IR, T-RF, and LS-IR, respectively. Positive correlations among season-wise agro-ecologies highlighted the impact of seasonal weather parameters. The “which won where” pattern and genotype ranking identified G18 (PM-27) as the top performer across environments, while G11 (Pusa Karishma) performed poorly. The “mean versus stability” analysis revealed genotypes G23 (JC-33), G31 (RC-571), G26 (NPJ-181), G6 (DJ-26), G19 (NPJ-245), G18 (PM-27), and G22 (NPJ-203) as generally adapted to all environments. Conversely, G9 (PM-22), G3 (CN-105313), and G8 (IM-66) were specifically adapted to timely–irrigated conditions. G24 (Varuna), G17 (PM-25), and G33 (RC-891-1) were suited to timely–rainfed conditions, while G30 (DRMR-2017–21), G5 (DRMRIJ-17–42), and G27 (DRMRCI-116) thrived in late sown–irrigated conditions. These stable genotypes can be recommended for cultivation or used in breeding programs to develop climate-resilient varieties.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the funding support provided by the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA), Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi and Incentivizing Research in Agriculture (IRA), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Yashpal Taak and Manoj Kumar Patel have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India

    Yashpal Taak, Manoj Kumar Patel, Rajat Chaudhary, Sudhakar Reddy Basu, Priya Pardeshi, Sneha Adhikari, Navinder Saini & Sujata Vasudev

  2. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Wellington, 643 231, India

    Joghee Nanjundan

  3. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 110 001, India

    Devendra Kumar Yadava

Contributions

YT and NS were involved in conceptualization, investigation, reviewing, and editing; MKP was responsible for formal analysis, software, and writing; RC and PP curated the data; SRB took part in formal analysis and writing; SA assisted with methodology, reviewing, and editing; JN helped with reviewing and editing; SV participated in conceptualization, investigation, and resources; and DKY contributed to resources and supervision.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Navinder Saini or Devendra Kumar Yadava.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Handling Editor: H. S. Balyan.

Supplementary Information

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Supplementary file1 (DOCX 986 kb)

Supplementary file2 (XLSX 60 kb)

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Cite this article

Taak, Y., Patel, M.K., Chaudhary, R. et al. Determining Drought- and Heat-Tolerant Genotypes in Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea] Employing GGE Biplot Analysis. Agric Res (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-025-00866-3

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  • Accepted
  • Published
  • DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-025-00866-3

Keywords

  • BLUPs
  • Brassica juncea
  • Genotype-by-environment interactions
  • GGE biplot analysis
  • Seed yield

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