In this book, the author describes the development of the experimental diffraction setup and structural analysis of non-crystalline particles from material science and biology. Recent advances in X-ray free electron laser (XFEL)-coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) experiments allow for the structural analysis of non-crystalline particles to a resolution of 7 nm, and to a resolution of 20 nm for biological materials. Now XFEL-CXDI marks the dawn of a new era in structural analys of non-crystalline particles with dimensions larger than 100 nm, which was quite impossible in the 20th century.

To conduct CXDI experiments in both synchrotron and XFEL facilities, the author has developed apparatuses, named KOTOBUKI-1 and TAKASAGO-6 for cryogenic diffraction experiments on frozen-hydrated non-crystalline particles at around 66 K. At the synchrotron facility, cryogenic diffraction experiments dramatically reduce radiation damage of specimen particles and allow tomography CXDI experiments. In addition, in XFEL experiments, non-crystalline particles scattered on thin support membranes and flash-cooled can be used to efficiently increase the rate of XFEL pulses. The rate, which depends on the number density of scattered particles and the size of X-ray beams, is currently 20-90%, probably the world record in XFEL-CXDI experiments. The experiment setups and results are introduced in this book. The author has also developed software suitable for efficiently processing of diffraction patterns and retrieving electron density maps of specimen particles based on the diffraction theory used in CXDI.

(XFEL) SACLA
Analyzing CXDI Experiments
CXDI Experiments
Coherent Illumination
Cryogenic X-ray Diffraction
Imaging of Non-crystalline Particles
KOTOBUKI-I
Reduction of Radiation Damage
Structural Analysis of Non-crystalline Particles
TAKASAGO-6
Tomography CXDI Experiments
X-ray Free Electron Laser
X-ray Free Electron Laser SACLA
XFEL-CXDI Experiments
Protein Structure

• Front Matter
• Introduction
• X-Ray Diffraction
• Theory of X-Ray Diffraction Imaging
• Diffraction Apparatus for X-Ray Diffraction Imaging
• Specimen Preparation for X-Ray Diffraction Imaging Experiments at Cryogenic Temperature
• Processing of Diffraction Patterns Obtained from X-Ray Diffraction Imaging Experiments Using X-Ray Free Electron Laser Pulses
• Phase Retrieval of Diffraction Patterns
• Projection Structures of Biological Cells and Organelles
• Three-Dimensional Structural Analyses in Cryogenic X-Ray Diffraction Imaging
• Prospects for the Structural Analysis of Biological Specimens by X-Ray Diffraction Imaging
• Back Matter

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
Masayoshi Nakasako

Book Title
X-Ray Diffraction Imaging of Biological Cells

Authors
Masayoshi Nakasako

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56618-2

Hardcover ISBN
978-4-431-56616-8
Published: 12 April 2018

Softcover ISBN
978-4-431-56867-4
Published: 10 January 2019

eBook ISBN
978-4-431-56618-2
Published: 29 March 2018

Series ISSN
0342-4111

Series E-ISSN
1556-1534

Edition Number
1

Number of Pages
XX, 228

Number of Illustrations
7 b/w illustrations, 89 illustrations in colour

Topics
Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices, Characterization and Evaluation of Materials, Protein Structure, Crystallography and Scattering Methods, Measurement Science and Instrumentation